21.08 Mathematical Formulas II

Continuation of 21.07 Mathematical Formulas I with symbol families that appear in advanced maths, statistics, and technical documents. Each table lists the operator, Japanese reading, and a quick usage reminder so translation work and tutoring explanations stay precise.

Equality & definition symbols

SymbolJapanese readingUsage
=イコールDeclares equality:
≠ノットイコール/不等号States inequality:
≡恒等記号(こうとうきごう)Identity or congruence:
:=定義記号(ていぎきごう)“Define as”:
≙に対応する“Corresponds to” in engineering drawings.

Approximation & proportionality

SymbolJapanese readingUsage
≈ニアリーイコールApproximately equal; rounding or numerical methods.
≒約等号(やくとうごう)“Roughly equal” with a looser tolerance than ≈.
∝比例記号(ひれいきごう)Proportional relationship: .
~ティルダ/同程度Same order or “similar to” depending on context.
≲ほぼ以下“Approximately less than” in analysis.
≳ほぼ以上“Approximately greater than”.

Inequalities

SymbolJapanese readingUsage
<小なり(しょうなり)Strict inequality.
>大なり(だいなり)Strict inequality (greater).
≤小なりイコールLess than or equal to.
≥大なりイコールGreater than or equal to.
≪非常に小なり“Much less than” or different order of magnitude.
≫非常に大なり“Much greater than”.

Arithmetic operators

SymbolJapanese readingUsage
+プラスAddition.
−マイナスSubtraction or unary negative.
±プラスマイナスPositive/negative pair.
∓マイナスプラスCompanion to ± when order matters.
× / ⋅かけるMultiplication (scalar).
÷ / ⁄わるDivision.

Set & logic notation

SymbolJapanese readingUsage
∈属する(ぞくする)Element of a set: .
∉属さないNot an element: .
⊂真部分集合Proper subset.
⊆部分集合Subset (allows equality).
∪和集合(わしゅうごう)Union of sets.
∩共通集合(きょうつうしゅうごう)Intersection.
∅空集合(くうしゅうごう)Empty set.
¬否定(ひてい)Logical NOT.
∧論理積(ろんりせき)Logical AND.
∨論理和(ろんりわ)Logical OR.
⇒含意(がんい)Logical implication.
⇔同値(どうち)Biconditional / “if and only if”.

Calculus & analysis extras

SymbolJapanese readingUsage
∂ラウンドディー/偏微分記号Partial derivative.
∇ナブラGradient, divergence, curl.
∫インテグラルIntegral sign.
∬ / ∭二重積分/三重積分Multi-dimensional integrals.
∑シグマSummation operator.
∏パイ(大文字)Product operator.

Usage notes

  • Keep readings full-width in Japanese text (e.g.「≦(しょうなりいこーる)」). Switch to half-width symbols only when code or LaTeX requires it.
  • When drafting bilingual material, include both the mathematical expression and a short descriptive phrase to avoid ambiguity for non-technical stakeholders.
  • Combine with 21.07 Mathematical Formulas I — Calculus & analysis for vocabulary explanations when teaching or translating proof outlines.